What device is designed to prevent excessive electrical current from passing through a circuit?

The device specifically designed to prevent excessive electrical current from passing through a circuit is a fuse. A fuse serves as a safety component that protects electrical circuits from damage caused by overloads or short circuits. When the current flowing through the fuse exceeds its rated capacity, the fuse element melts or breaks, effectively interrupting the flow of electricity. This action prevents possible damage to other components within the circuit and helps to avoid fire hazards.

Transformers, resistors, and capacitors serve different functions. Transformers change voltage levels for efficient power transmission, resistors limit current flow within a circuit, and capacitors store electrical energy for later use. Unlike a fuse, these components do not provide protection against excessive current; rather, they manipulate electrical characteristics in a circuit. Therefore, a fuse is the appropriate device for preventing excessive current.